Did Portland's unfunded pension liability just break $3 billion?
Over in the left sidebar of this blog, our meter of the City of Portland's unfunded pension and retiree health care liability just passed the $3 billion mark. That's quite a milestone -- scary, if you think about it -- and it's important to know where that number came from. If you asked the city, it would probably quote you a significantly lower figure. But the number that the city would likely offer isn't all that trustworthy.
The source for our data are the "official statements" that the city issues as sales documents before it sells bonds (i.e., borrows money). In those statements, the city makes representations to prospective investors about many things, among them the city's liabilities for retirement benefits and health care benefits for former city workers.
The city doesn't keep tabs on those liabilities on an ongoing basis. The calculations are complex, and they require the work of professional actuaries. The actuaries are called in once a year at most, and for the most serious examination of these matters, it's once every two years.
Take the city's police and firefighter pension and disability fund, for example. That's by far the largest single unfunded liability the city has. Nothing -- nothing! -- is ever put aside in advance to pay benefits to retired police and firefighters in the future. Everything is paid out of the current year's property taxes. And so the unfunded liability is huge. Anyway, the last time an actuarial consultant took a systematic look at that number was two years ago -- and they were taking a snapshot retroactively, as of June 30, 2008. That means that the last hard number the city produced on police and fire pension liability is as of more than 26 months ago. The figure at that time was $2,216,664,215.
A lot has happened since then, and on the economic side of life, it's all been bad. And so the figure today is probably higher -- much higher -- than what it was in June 2008. But what has the actual growth rate for the liability been? There isn't much of a reliable track record to go by, because the last time the actuaries did their thing, the city switched actuaries, and the new ones changed quite a few of the assumptions used in the calculations. The 2008 figure and the 2006 figure, therefore, were apples and oranges in a lot of ways.
Looking at the growth pattern before 2006, back in the day when the assumptions were not changing, we came up with an annual growth rate of 6.5%. If that's the right rate, then the $2.2 billion from June 2008 is $2.54 billion today. And that's just police and fire pension and disability.
Alas, there's more. The amounts the city has put aside for its other employees' pensions through the infamous PERS system are also falling short. As of the end of 2008, there was an unfunded liability of $259 million there. And now that the city has to report its unfunded retiree health care mandates, we see another $148 million or so as of late 2008. Those numbers, too, can be expected to grow.
And so is the City of Portland more than $3 billion in the hole on pensions and retiree health care? As far as we can tell, yes.
Comments (18)
Harrisburg, PA here we come!!
Posted by Snards | September 16, 2010 10:10 AM
The only question is when I need to find a new address er home.
Jack, when will the crows come calling for payouts on that debt that the city cannot make? Timetable?
Posted by LucsAdvo | September 16, 2010 10:25 AM
You think they care at all? This is stuff that will happen after they are gone and then we'll get the "You Promised" refrain from the beneficiaries.
For them, it's about getting as much cash now as they can to pay for the pet projects.
Posted by Steve | September 16, 2010 10:29 AM
So what happens when the check comes and the state cant pay? I dont know enough about public finances to understand what will happen then.
Posted by mk | September 16, 2010 10:33 AM
Some cities will go into bankruptcy to get rid of some of their pension liabilities. It's not 100% certain that Portland legally could or actually would do that, but it's certainly a possibility.
Posted by Jack Bog | September 16, 2010 10:36 AM
Seems like a big problem when a city cant shed the debt via bankruptcy, but also cant pay the bill. This is what doesnt make sense to me. Something obviously has to give.
Posted by mk | September 16, 2010 10:59 AM
Here's one scenario for how it could unfold:
1. Spending on operating budgets will be slashed to the bone: imagine half the police officers and firefighters getting a pink slip.
2. Parks and community centers will be closed or maintained by volunteers.
3. The fleet of hybrid and/or biodiesel vehicles will be auctioned.
4. Everything that can be taxed, permitted, or made fee-based (like 911 response), will be. Expect "private utilities" (PGE, NW Natural, Comcast) to increase their pass-thru taxes as well.
The city will become more expensive, less livable, and emergency response times will grow. Crime rates will increase, and roads/sewers/water lines will be even more neglected than they are currently.
Posted by Mister Tee | September 16, 2010 11:11 AM
"Here's one scenario for how it could unfold"
Realize benes are topline expenses (ie they get paid before anything.) Which explains why when Ted gave a 20% bump in education spending in '07 it all went for benefits just like 80% of last years stimulus monies.
So, you're right, they start cutting customer service stuff first and benes last. The only thing that will save it (barring some sudden increase in IQ of govt mgmt) is probably funds from the printing press we call the Federal govt.
Posted by Steve | September 16, 2010 11:19 AM
Mister Tee is close to the mark. These pensions won't all be paid at once. They phase in as people retire.
So it's like the water slowly heating up around the frog.
What that means for us, is the pensions currently being paid out become a larger and larger portion of the overall annual bill. On-going operating costs must be cut to make way for this larger and larger share.
Same on the Fed level. Most of our taxes will be going to Soc Security and Medicare and the budget for everything else will deteriorate for the foreseeable future.
Baby boomers have screwed us coming and going. Borrowed in order to spend whatever they wanted while young, suck up every dime of tax money from younger generations in their retirement. (Sorry boomers, but it's true.)
Posted by Snards | September 16, 2010 11:23 AM
Not so fast Snards. We "Boomers" are fighting like hell to keep Leonard, PWB, and the EPA from writing a +$1 Billion check to destroy Bull Run water system. Think water bills are high now? Just wait a year or two.... unless you tell them NOW we don't need to fix a public health problem that does not exist. We're getting snookered...big time.
Posted by Dick Garner | September 16, 2010 11:46 AM
I blieve the city council can raise our taxes to cover police an fire retirement without a voye by residents. Am I wrong?
Posted by m | September 16, 2010 1:36 PM
"I blieve the city council can raise our taxes to cover police an fire retirement without a voye by residents."
It'd have to be some kind of fee (tied to a pay for service like water.) Otherwise, they have to do something like Randy's solution last year - Vote on a 30 year property tax increase for PFDR.
Posted by Steve | September 16, 2010 1:47 PM
I believe the city council can raise our taxes to cover police and fire retirement without a vote by residents.
FPD&R -- the largest source of the liability -- is funded by a separate property tax assessment. Most local governments have fixed tax rates due to Measure 50; however, the FPD&R rate is variable. It goes up to whatever it needs to in order to fund the FPD&R program.
The FPD&R levy is, however, included in the $10 per $1,000 of RMV cap, also a part of Measure 50. So to the extent the FPD&R levy goes up and pushes a property above the $10 limit, all those taxes get compressed. In other words, for properties in compression, as FPD&R goes up to pay for benefits, the City, County, and schools collect less to pay for services.
I think the term "unfunded" is a bit of a misnomer. It's funded all right -- by every property owner in Portland.
Posted by Miles | September 16, 2010 3:41 PM
Sold the house in close in NE Portland last year b/c I wanted to cash out the remaining equity. It doesn't take a economist to read the tea leaves and see the hurt that is coming to our nation and especially our state. PERS and the PDX Police/Fire pensions, like most govt programs are unsustainable. The state needs to default on the overly generous pensions and transfer them to the PBGC.
I am very happily renting about a block away from my old house. It will be best to be mobile in the coming days. If the taxes/fees/fines/assessments get too oppressive it is time to move on.
Posted by Chuck | September 16, 2010 5:02 PM
It's funded all right -- by every property owner in Portland.
A mere promise or obligation to pay is not funding. If property owners can't pay, they don't.
Posted by Jack Bog | September 16, 2010 5:45 PM
Funded vs. Unfunded doesn't mean authorized vs. unauthorized.
A defined benefit obligation increases for each year of employment. A "funded" pension plan sets aside enough money for each employee IN ADVANCE so that it can be "safely" invested to allow the pension fund to grow above the rate of inflation and meet actuarial projections of how much will be required to meet all future payments. When you don't set aside funds every year, you have no opportunity to invest those funds and you lose out on compound rates of return on even the safest investments (like U.S. Treasury Bonds)
To pay for all those retirees/spouses out of annual property tax collections requires that property tax collections grow at/above the rate of inflation plus the rate at which recipients retire. More recipients retiring earlier/living longer puts a burden on property tax collections, especially if we see a net decrease in population. Say, for example, a bunch of wealthy retirees decided to move to Vancouver and/or the suburbs to reduce their tax burden. That could really reduce property values and (eventually) property tax collections.
Posted by Jennifer | September 16, 2010 7:47 PM
Snards - get a grip on reality. Boomers have screwed no one. The feds have been skimming the interest off Soc. Sec. for years to pay for other things like wars and pork barrel projects to enrich or benefit this group or that. Others and I have posted numerous links documenting that. Please actually learn something today.
I've been paying into Soc Security since 1970. If all the money that I have paid in over time had been invested privately, I could be retired by now and not looking towards 10 more years before I have eligibility.
Meawhile, I put 20% down on my first house back when. And my averaged interest rate on the 3 mortages (complicated deal with 2 assumptions and a owner loan) was over 14%. It was the Gen Xers that were putting squat down on overpriced houses and paying miniscule interest rates. Boomers never thought we were entitled to home ownership. Entitlement is the hallmark of Gen Xers.
And I won't be getting any pensions. I have been paying into a 401K and have an old IRA from when a certain bank did not allow most employees with under x number of years tenure to participate in their retirement plan (the law no longer countenances that particular behavior).
Most of my Boomer friends are pretty much like me in their experiences.
Posted by LucsAdvo | September 17, 2010 8:02 AM
Check out how much the average policeman is going to pull in pension funds over the 50 years of his retirement at age 55, it is obscene.
Being a cop for 35 years should not entitle you to a better retirement than most engineers.
Posted by Rarian Rakista | September 19, 2010 10:23 AM